I

I

Immission

The emissions that return to the earth. By convention, they are measured at a certain level above the earth.

Immission control

Immission control as laid forth in the Federal Pollutant Control Act for immissions that could cause hazards, significant disadvantages or significant nuisance to the general public or the neighborhood due to type, magnitude or duration. See: Emissions.

Immission load

The negative effect of immissions on the environment. See: Air TI.

Immission measurement

Long-term or short-term recording of immissions carried out using stationary or mobile facilities especially in industrial areas and large cities.

Immission values

Abbreviation: IV. The concentration values for the long-term (IV1) and short-term (IV2) effects of air pollution as specified in the Air TI.

Immunity

The resistance of living organisms (human, animal, plant) against certain poisons or infections.

Impurities

Undesired, subsequently added admixtures; they often can not be completely removed in the manufacturing or cleaning process, but they can also be added on purpose to improve properties (e.g. doping of semiconductor substances). Some of the substances considered to be impurities occur as natural impurities. See: Dirt.

Indifferent substances

Substances that are not active in chemical processes or which only react when subjected to specific, often artificial conditions (e.g. glass, porcelain, V2A steel, synthetic resins, inert gases, nitrogen, etc.).

Industrial areas

Areas with a strong concentration of industrial plants due to good location conditions (raw materials, situation with regards to road and rail links) characterized by high population density and urbanization. Industrial areas in the Federal Republic of Germany include the Rhine-Main region.

Industrial estate

Development area in which commercial enterprises which are not significantly intrusive can be located. See: Industrial areas.

Industrial medicine

Deals with working people and their activities at the workplace. Modern industrial medicine attempts to adapt working conditions to suit humans. Industrial medicine also covers work hygiene and is based on industrial physiology and psychology.

Industrial waste

Industrial waste refers to waste products resulting from production, which can not be reused in the production process. See: Special waste, Waste.

Industrial water

Raw water, e.g. ground water or surface water, treated in a variety of ways, depending on its technical application - e.g. as coolant, boiler feed water. Industrial water is not drinking water.

Inhibitors

Substances that inhibit or slow down a reaction.

Ion exchanger

Inorganic or organic water-insoluble bodies that are part of the atom groups, the ions of which can be exchanged for other ions (anion or cation exchanger), for example in water softening (exchanger resins), in medicine (ion substitution) or sewage treatment.

Ionization

Also: ion formation. Formation of Ions from atoms or atom groups, for which a certain level of ionization energy is required. This energy can be provided by collision with fast particles such as electrons, ions, collision ions, by temperature, temperature ions, ionizing radiation, or photo-ions.

Ions

Atoms or groups of atoms with a single or multiple positive or negative electrical charge.

- Negative ions: anions via taking on electrons.
- Positive ions: cations via giving up electrons.

Chemically the ions behave differently than their atomic counterparts. A portion of the dissolved particles found in aqueous solutions of salts, acids and bases (electrolytes) are ions. The crystals of solid salts are also formed in part from ions (ionic lattices). Ions are affected by electric and magnetic fields. Ionic migration in electrolytes.

Iron

Chemical element: Fe. Iron is a heavy metal and with its oxireductive and complexing properties is an indispensable constituent in all animal and plant cells (trace elements).

Isocyanates

Reactive chemical group: NCO. In the polymerization of diisocyanates with dioles (dialcohols) to produce polyurethanes, PUR resins are formed, which form the foundation for the two-component paints in part.

Isomerization

Conversion of a chemical compound into another one with the same molecular formula, but with different spatial arrangement of the atoms. This is of special significance in manufacturing important petrochemical primary chemicals from isomer mixtures.

IV

See: Immission values.